It is well known that IP multicast suffers from deployment issues. As a result, many researchers worked on alternative schemes such as explicit multicast and application layer multicast. But, these approaches have some inherent limitations. We strongly believe that the branching point based multicast approach is the most proper solution for multicast routing problem In IP level. As a solution, we proposed  NBM (Next Branch Multicast) which efficiently constructs the multicast distribution tree. 

Explicit multicast is designed to support small multicast group efficently. It is also extremely scalable in terms of the number of concurrent active groups. We noted that basic approaches like Xcast and Xcast+ waste processing power of the routers who are on the path between sender and receivers forcing them to perform several unnecessary unicast lookups. Based on this observation, we proposed two methods namely Linkcast and Bcast, which gain benefit from stateless design of explicit multicast without having to deal with its cumbersome processing overhead. Bcast include branching nodes information in its header to assist forwarding process of intermediated routers. In Linkcast, we explicitly determines multicast distribution tree by its links eliminating the need to perform any type of unicast lookup.

We proposed an architecture for multicast support in MPLS. Our architecture uses a unique identifying label for multicast distribution tree.  Label swapping is not required at all, since we use just one label for each multicast tree. This approach results in at least 50% memory savings in LSRs (Label Switch Routers). We have proposed two alternative techniques for tree label binding. Multicast label ranges are assigned to LLAs proportional to their needs. There is no need for explicit on-demand signaling in this approach.

Application Layer Multicast (ALM) is considered as an alternative approach to IP multicast. Topology awareness is an important metric for ALM because it reduces link stress and delay stretch considerably. We proposed Bincast as an stable and low overhead ALM approach using binning technique to cluster nearby receivers .